Summary
Introduction: In this multicenter study, we analysed the magnitude of healthcare worker (HCW) [infection control practitioner (ICP), nurses and others] workforce in hospitals participated in the study.
Materials and Methods: This study was performed in 41 hospitals (with intensive care units-ICU) located in 22 cities from seven regions of Turkey. We analysed the ICP workforce, nursing and auxiliary HCW (AHCW) workforce in ICUs, number of ICU beds and occupied beds in four different days [two of which were in summer during the vacation time (August 27 and 31, 2016) and two others in autumn (October 12 and 15, 2016)]. The Turkish Ministry of Health (TMOH) requires two patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs, three patients per nurse in level 2 ICUs and five patients per nurse in level 1 ICUs. There is no standardization for the number of AHCW in ICUs. Finally, one ICP per 150 hospital beds is required by TMOH.
Results: The total number of ICUs, ICU beds and ICPs were 214, 2377 and 111, respectively in he 41 participated centers. The number ICPs was adequate only in 12 hospitals. The percentage of nurses whose working experience was <1 year, was; 19% in level 1 ICUs, 25% in level 2 ICUs and 24% in level 3 ICUs. The number of patients per nurse was mostly <5 in level 1 ICUs whereas the number of patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs was generally >2. The number of patients per other HCW was minimum 3.75 and maximum 4.89 on weekdays and on day shift while it was minimum 5.02 and maximum 7.7 on weekends or on night shift. When we compared the number of level 1, 2 and 3 ICUs with adequate nursing workforce vs inadequate nursing workforce, the p value was <0.0001 at all time points except summer weekend night shift (p=0.002).
Conclusion: Our data suggest that ICP workforce is inadequate in Turkey. Besides, HCW workforce is inadequate and almost ¼ of nurses are relatively inexperienced especially in level 3 ICUs. Turkish healthcare system should promptly make necessary arrangements for adequate HCW staffing.
Introduction
Adequate nurse workforce allows nurses to spend more time with patients as well as a favorable practice environment which affects the timeliness of interventions when a patient problem has been identified[8]. With the increased need for intensive care beds, inadequate number of nurses and staff can negatively affect the health and safety of the patient. Inadequate nurse staffing may be associated with poor patient survival, development of decubitus ulcer and infections[9].
Methods
The planned study was announced via Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology Specialty Society of Turkey (Türkiye Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Uzmanlık Derneği) mail communication group and all sites who accepted the invitation were included in the study. Study contributors from each site collected the data in a standard form through visits to ICUs in their center on the days of the study. Via these forms, we analyzed nursing workforce, ICP workforce, auxiliary HCW (AHCW) workforce, number of ICU beds and occupied beds on four different days [two of which were in summer during the vacation time (August 27 and 31, 2016) and two others in autumn (October 12 and 15, 2016)]. All participants sent their data in an Microsoft Excel and Word format attached to an email.
The Turkish Ministry of Health (TMOH) requires two patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs, three patients per nurse in level 2 ICUs and five patients per nurse in level 1 ICUs. However, there is no standardization of the number of AHCWs in ICUs[10]. The TMOH requires one ICP per 150 hospital beds[5]. For this reason number of ICP was considered to be inadequate if the number of hospital beds/number of ICP was >150. Nursing workforce was considered to be inadequate if patient/nurse was >2 in level 3 ICUs, >3 in level 2 ICUs and >5 in level 1 ICUs.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16.0. Chi-square test was used for comparison of adequately staffed level 1-2-3 ICUs. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The number of patients per nurse was mostly ≤5 in level 1 ICUs (18 to 21 of 21 ICUs) whereas the number of patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs was generally >2 (13-30 of 35-36 ICUs). The mean number of patient per nurse was ≤5 in all eight time points (four day shifts and four night shifts) in level 1 ICUs. However, it was ≤2 in only one of eight time points in level 3 ICUs (Table 1). When we compared the number of level 1, 2 and 3 ICUs with adequate nursing workforce vs inadequate nursing force, the p value was <0.0001 at all time points except summer weekend night shift (p=0.002). Table 2 shows the percentile data of the nursing workforce in the study dates (data of all hospitals).
The mean number of patients per AHCW was minimum 3.75 and maximum 4.89 on weekdays and on day shift while minimum 5.02 and maximum 8.09 at the weekend or on night shift (Table 3). There was no AHCW in 0-3 of the study ICUs in the related study time points.
Table 3: Distribution of auxiliary healthcare workers at morning and night shifts on the study dates
There were a total of 111 ICPs working in the 41 centers. Only 12 of these 41 participating centers had adequate ICP workforce. Furthermore, most of the centers with adequate number of ICPs were the centers with ≤150 beds (9 of 12).
Discussion
The Turkish Ministry of Health recommends two patients per nurse in level 3 ICUs, three patients per nurse in level 2 ICUs and five patients per nurse in level 1 ICUs[10]. In a previous study held in pediatric ICUs, the number of nurses per patient was reported to be <2 in shifts. However, the number of pediatric ICU beds per nurse during shifts was 1.99–3.5 and 1.96–3.9 in TMOH-affiliated hospitals and university-affiliated hospitals, respectively[7]. In another recent study, Dikiş et al.[6] analysed the nurse and AHCW numbers in Ege University Hospital ICUs. They reported that the number of nurses per patient was ≤2 in only one ICU among 5 level 3 ICUs in day or night shifts. In our study, lack of adequate nurse staffing was most prominent in level 3 ICUs.
The relationship between adequate number of nurse and auxiliary staff and increased risk of mortality and morbidity in ICUs has been shown in many studies[9, 13-16]. Hugonnet et al.[14] showed that inadequate/lower nurse staffing level increased the risk for late-onset VAP, independent of confounding factors. Cho et al.[15] found that every additional patient per registered nurse showed a 9% increase in mortality risk in ICUs. Stone et al.[9] found the level of nurse staffing per patient to be significantly associated with CRBSI, VAP, 30-day mortality, and decubiti. In a large study of patients undergoing surgery in 300 hospitals in nine countries in Europe; it has been shown that one patient increase in nurse workload increased mortality by 7% while every 10% increase in bachelor"s degree nurses reduced mortality by 7%[16]. In our study, the effects of the nurse staffing adequacy on patient outcomes were not investigated, but when the studies in the literature are taken into consideration, it is possible that the inadequate number of nurses might probably be affecting patient outcomes in our sample, too.
According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data (2014) the number of nurses per 1000 inhabitants was 1.9 in Turkey which is the lowest among 36 OECD countries[17]. Similarly, Turkey had the lowest budget for healthcare spending (997$ per capita annually) in 2015 among OECD countries[18]. According to the Turkish Health and Social Service Union (Türk Sağlık Sendikası), there is a need for 400.000 nurses countrywide, whereas the total workforce consists of only 150.000[19]. In addition, working conditions of the nurses (especially ICU nurses) are quite hard and overwhelming[7, 12, 20]. Tekindal et al.[21] analyzed burnout levels in nurses working in internal, surgical and ICUs of a university hospital. They reported that burnout levels of the nurses were high. Younger age, scarcity of experience in the profession, lower levels of education, having chosen the profession and the unit they work in not willingly and working in environments like ICUs increased the probability of burnout.
Duty of AHCW changes among hospitals or ICUs. In some settings their duty is confined to carriage of patients to other departments or radiology department outside ICU. In some ICUs their duties also consist of hygiene of patients as well as minor interventions. Auxiliary HCW number differed in a wide range. In some settings, there were no AHCW at night or day shifts. However, since there is no standardization, it is not easy to evaluate the situation in an accurate way.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia, CRBSI and CRUTI rates are notified to the TMOH regularly. According to annual summary of Turkish nosocomial infection surveillance data, fifty percentile rates of VAP, CRBSI and CRUTI incidence ranges between 0.0- 9.8, 0.0-3.2 and 0.0-2.6 in 2015[22]. The rates are somewhat higher than the American surveillance data and International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium data[1]. Bundles for the prevention of device-associated infections such as CRUTI, CRBSI and VAP are commonly practiced in the contemporary ICP. These bundles include a couple of evidence-based recommendations practiced simultaneously. Adequate workforce is considered to be a fixed component of several bundle studies, indicating its importance for high-quality patient care and less mortality[1].
Problems in infection control are not rare. In Turkey, >95% of the population"s health care services is reimbursed by the Turkish Republic Social Security Institution, which is funded by the government[3]. There have been improvements in the Turkish health system in the last decade[23]. However, the Turkish government has not made any increase in the payment for healthcare services to the hospitals for the last nine years. Although some of the infection control measures such as hand hygiene or elevation of the head of the bed to 30-45 degrees, daily "sedation vacation" are relatively low cost, some interventions such as PCR screening of MDR bacteria screening or continuous subglottic aspiration are quite expensive[1]. In addition, an important portion of the nurses" salaries is paid through hospital budgets but not governmental or national central budget. Thus, hospitals are quite tensed to keep the budget balance that infection control measures cannot be funded adequately and adequate nurses cannot be added to workforce.
Our study has several limitations. Although this study included data from 41 centers from all seven regions of the country, it does not represent the whole Turkey. The presented study did not analyze the severity of the cases hospitalized in the ICUs. Cases that do not fulfill the criteria to be hospitalized in ICU might have been hospitalized in the ICUs (due to lack of adequate beds in clinics). We could not analyse the association of the inadequate nurse/ICP labor or nurse experience with patient outcomes (HCAI or mortality rates). Finally, we did not question the roles of AHCWs in the ICUs. The roles of AHCWs are not standard in many centers. In some ICUs they do not deal with routine patient care, whereas in some others they tend to work as aiders to nurses. Despite these disadvantages, to our knowledge, this is the largest detailed dataset related to the problem.
Conclusion
Ethics
Ethics Committee Approval: Retrospective study.
Informed Consent: Retrospective study.
Peer-review: Externally and internally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Concept: O.R.S., A.U., Design: O.R.S., A.U., Data Collection: A.U., G.D., N.S., F.P., T.K., N.Ö., K.Ö., F.A., S.E., M.M.K., A.Ö., S.Ç.A., H.Ç., G.Ç., Ö.K., S.Ö., R.H., K.D., A.A., S.A.Ç., İ.E.Y., Ş.M., G.Ş., S.S., M.D., K.U., M.A., İ.A., P.F., Y.K., D.Ç., M.U., R.G., H.T.E.M., H.A., H.E., A.D., N.D., F.K., E.G., G.Ü., H.S., M.I.T., B.A., S.U., O.R.S., Analysis or Interpretation: H.S., Literature Search: O.R.S., A.U., Writing: A.U., G.D., N.S., F.P., T.K., N.Ö., K.Ö., F.A., S.E., M.M.K., A.Ö., S.Ç.A., H.Ç., G.Ç., Ö.K., S.Ö., R.H., K.D., A.A., S.A.Ç., İ.E.Y., Ş.M., G.Ş., S.S., M.D., K.U., M.A., İ.A., P.F., Y.K., D.Ç., M.U., R.G., H.T.E.M., H.A., H.E., A.D., N.D., F.K., E.G., G.Ü., H.S., M.I.T., B.A., S.U., O.R.S.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.
