Summary
Introduction: Diphtheria is a serious disease that can be prevented by vaccination. The aim of the study was to determine immunity against
diphtheria and the necessity of booster doses in the adult population.
Results: A total of 568 individuals were included in the study, [267 (47%) female and 301 (53%) male]. Of these, 267 cases (47%) had full immunity.
Immunity distribution rates in each decade beginning from 15 years old were 80.8%, 48.4%, 24.1%, 43.7%, 39.2%, 50%, and 53.3%, respectively. It
was observed that females aged 26-35 years had a significantly higher immunity rate than males in the same age group (p=0.035).
Conclusion: Adult immunity against diphtheria may only be maintained with routine booster doses of diphtheria toxoid. Tetanus-diphtheria
vaccination should be included in the adult immunization program and should be repeated every 10 years.
Introduction
The tetanus-diphtheria (Td)-acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine was first produced in 1937 and introduced to the routine vaccination program in Turkey in 1968[2]. Diphtheria is now rare in Turkey, occurring in unvaccinated individuals[3].
However, in recent decades there have been two epidemics affecting all age groups, primarily in Russia and Ukraine, between 1982-1985 and between 1990-1995. These epidemics took place in our neighboring countries but also affected Turkey, with significant increases in the number of cases during those periods. Therefore, immunization is recommended for adults over 25 years of age who are in high-risk groups with a vaccine containing diphtheria toxoid (preferably Td). In recent years, it has been proposed to have at least one dose including acellular pertussis (Tdap) for the adult age group[2].
Although there may be rare complications such as complex regional pain syndrome and transverse myelitis after vaccination, diphtheria is associated with high mortality rates despite all treatment modalities. Therefore, the vaccination program for diphtheria is indispensable for public health[4, 5].
In Turkey, Tdap vaccination is applied routinely in 6 doses at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, followed by booster doses given in childhood at 18 months and 7 years, and as a Td toxoid booster in adolescents at 12-14 years of age. Moreover, since 2006, Td vaccination is included in the pregnancy immunity program and in other cases of compulsory tetanus vaccination (e.g., after skin injuries). There is one case of diphtheria reported from Turkey in 2012[6].
However, in recent years some clinical presentations consistent with diphtheria and related complications have been observed in adults. This suggests a need for new studies determining seroprevalence[6]. This study was designed to survey the rates of diphtheria immunity among adults in the community, evaluate factors related to diphtheria, determine the necessity of booster doses in adults, and thereby contribute to future studies regarding the adult vaccination program. We believe that this study will provide a more accurate representation of diphtheria seroprevalence in Turkey because it was conducted in Istanbul, which is a large metropolitan area that receives migrants from every region of the country.
Methods
Participants aged 15-85 years with no acute illness were chosen randomly from outpatient hospital records (one selected from every three patients who presented to the Infectious Diseases Outpatient Clinics of the hospital). Patients with acute respiratory, urinary, and dermatologic diseases were excluded. Participants were informed about the study by phone. Written consent forms were obtained from the families of patients under 18 years old and from the individuals themselves if over 18 years old. Consenting participants were invited to the hospital for data and blood collection.
Using a previously prepared questionnaire, face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information about the participants" age, sex, occupation, education level, economic status, place of residence (village, town, city), residence type, vaccination status, regularly used medicines, history of alcohol usage, current chronic illness, military service status for males, history of Td vaccination during military service, pregnancy status for females, and Td vaccination during the pregnancy period.
Five ml of venous blood were collected from all participants. Serum samples were separated by centrifuging for 10 minutes at 2000xg and stored at -80 ºC until testing. Diphtheria antibody level was measured by micro-ELISA technique using NovaTec C. diphtheriae toxin IgG ELISA kits (Dietzenbach, Germany).
Antitoxin levels of <0.1 IU/mL were accepted as insufficient immunity, while individuals with antitoxin levels ≥0.1 IU/mL were considered fully immune to diphtheria.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with Number Cruncher Statistical System 2007 Statistical Software (Utah, USA). In addition to descriptive statistical methods (mediation, standard deviation), chi-square test was used in comparisons of qualitative data. A p value of <0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.
Results
Table 1: The distribution of antibody levels according to age
Table 2: The distribution of antibody levels according to age and sex
There were no statistically significant differences in diphtheria antibody levels according to education level, occupation, monthly income, place and type of residence, chronic illness, alcohol usage, or history of adult Td vaccination (p>0.05).
Among the participants who did not know their vaccination status, there were no statistically significant differences in full or partial immunity; however, among participants who reported not being vaccinated in childhood, the full immunity rate was significantly lower than partial immunity rate (31.1% vs. 68.9%) (p=0.038).
When the military service status was considered, males who had completed their military service had a significantly higher rate of partial immunity compared to full immunity (57.8% vs. 42.2%) (p=0.008). However, a statistically significant difference in diphtheria immunity was not observed based on the answers given to the question whether Td vaccination was administered during military service (p>0.05). Of those who had completed their military service, 69 men (26.1%) reported receiving a Td vaccine, 142 cases (53.8%) reported not receiving Td vaccine, and 53 cases did not remember whether they received Td vaccine during their military service.
When pregnancy history status was considered in females, those with previous pregnancy had significantly higher rate of partial immunity compared to full immunity (57.4% vs. 42.6%) (p=0.003). A statistical difference in diphtheria immunity was not observed based on the participants" report whether they had been vaccinated during pregnancy and if so, how many doses they had received (p>0.05). Of the 197 women with a history of pregnancy, only 41 (20.8%) reported having Td vaccination, 147 (53.8%) reported not having it, and 9 (4.6%) did not recall whether they had Td vaccination during pregnancy. Data collected using the questionnaire are shown in Table 3.
Discussion
In 2000, a multinational study by the European Sero- Epidemiology Network Project was conducted in Finland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom. The authors reported that complete immunity rate was 70% in adult age group in this study. Moreover, gender distribution analysis showed that diphtheria immunity rates were significantly higher among males in the Netherlands, Finland, Sweden, and France[11].
In our study, high immunity rates in the 15-25 year age group were a result of the effective primary vaccination. As primary diphtheria immunization has been implemented since 1968, low antibody levels in the 36-45 age group (those born between 1965 and 1975) are likely due to the years before routine primary vaccination. In the 56-65 age group, diphtheria antibody levels were 39% and then raised to 53% in the over 75 age group, which is probably a result of natural immunity to diphtheria.
Zasada et al.[12] reported in 2013 that of 1387 individuals in Poland, diphtheria antibody titers were below 0.1 IU/ mL in 36.9% of those aged ≤18 and in 40.5% of those >18, with inadequate immunity at a rate of 39.4% across all age groups. Dragomirescu et al.[13] conducted a study in Romania with 438 individuals aged 20-39 years and determined rates of diphtheria protection of 56.6% in the 20-29 age group and 31.7% in the 30-39 age group. In 2018, Barreto et al.[14] studied humoral immunity 5 years after booster immunization in adults who received Td vaccine at 18 to 60 years of age. Diphtheria antibody titer >0.1 IU/mL was accepted as full protection and was detected in 56.8% of the study population 5 years after the last Td booster dose. Esteve et al.[15] conducted a study in Catalonia in 2012 with 537 healthcare workers. Protective antibody levels against diphtheria were estimated as 46.4% in their study. Seroprevalence evaluation based on age groups indicated significantly lower diphtheria protection in those born before 1975. Hence, in most of the recent studies, it can be observed that diphtheria antibody seronegativity in adults is around 50% in Europe.
When we look at Asian studies, Ang et al.[16] published a study including 3293 cases in 2015. They reported 92% protective diphtheria antibody levels in adults 18-79 years of age but a significantly lower level was observed in the 50-59 age group. In another sero-epidemiological study held in Tajikistan in 2010, the diphtheria seropositivity rate was calculated as 51.4% in the 1-24 year age group[17]. Wanlapacorn et al.[18] carried out a study with 890 cases from seven different regions of Thailand. They concluded that protective antibody rates range from 83% to 99% and diphtheria antibody levels decreased as age increased. Moreover, they recommended one dose of Td vaccine after age 20 with boosters every 10 years. In 2018, Halperin et al.[19] reported that revaccination with either Tdap or Td vaccine in adults between 18-65 years resulted in similar rates of full immunity (diphtheria antibody >0.1 IU/mL) after 10 years (87.7% vs. 88.0%).
In Turkey, Alp Cavus et al.[3] carried out a study in İzmir with 339 patients in 2007 and determined 46.3% full diphtheria immunity. When diphtheria immunity was analyzed in terms of age, the lowest level (30%) was found in the 40-49 age group. There was no statistical difference in diphtheria immunity based on gender. In Edirne, Tansel et al.[20] identified full immunity at a rate of 98% in the 15-80 year age group in their 2009 study. In 2011, Kurugöl et al.[21] performed another study in İzmir with 599 individuals ranging in age from 1 to 70 years and reported full diphtheria immunity in 72.3%. When age distribution was taken into consideration, they found the highest rate (86%) in the 15-19 age group and the lowest rate (47.3%) in 30-39 age group. Gender analysis revealed statistically lower diphtheria antibody levels in females compared to males (67.1% vs. 80.9%). When they analyzed immunity according to both gender and age, full immunity was more common in males than females in the 20-29 age group (80% vs. 46.2%) and in the 30-39 age group (60% vs. 44.1%). In contrast, in the present study we observed significantly lower seropositivity rates in males than in females in the 26-35 age group (40% vs. >60%).
A study by Völzke et al.[22] included 4275 cases in Germany between 1997 and 2001. They compared diphtheria seroprevalence with demographic characteristics. Diphteria susceptibility rate (<0.1 IU/mL) was found to be 32.4%, which was lower than the rate of full immunity in our study (47%). They identified older age, female gender, low education level, not being single, and being unvaccinated for diphtheria and tetanus as factors associated with greater susceptibility to diphtheria. Diphtheria sensitivity was determined to be 4 times higher in females than males that had not been vaccinated within the last 10 years.
In our study, we evaluated 568 individuals aged 15 years or older. We determined that only 47% of the individuals in our study had adequate protection against diphtheria. There were no statistically significant differences in immunity rates between the male and female groups. With the exception of two studies, no statistically significant gender differences in diphtheria seropositivity have been reported[21, 23]. All studies have suggested that diphtheria immunity decreases with age and booster doses for diphtheria are needed to maintain high immunity.
In our study, the highest immunity rates were observed in the 15-25 year age group (>80%). Although there were similar rates in other groups, seropositivity was determined as 24% in the 36-45 years age group. Seropositivity in males was statistically lower than females (40% vs. 60%>) in the 26-35 age group. This difference could be a result of the implementation of Td vaccination during pregnancy in Turkey over the last decade. Demographic characteristics such as economic status, education as well as place and type of residence were not associated with level of immunity. Moreover, in our study, the higher immunity rates in males who had completed their military service and in females who had at least one pregnancy may be attributed to booster dose vaccination with Td during military service experience or during pregnancy period.
When we compare our results with earlier reports, sufficient diphtheria immunity levels are significantly lower than those reported previously. The probable reason for this difference is that Istanbul is the largest cosmopolitan city in Turkey with immigrants from all over the country where vaccination rates are low. Furthermore, there are increasing recent opposing opinions about certain vaccination programs in Turkey (like rubella and mumps vaccines, etc.) that probably influence and lower compliance with other vaccination programs like diphtheria vaccines.
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
We are thankful to our colleagues Şenol Çomoğlu, Mehmet Fatih Bektaşoğlu and Paşa Göktaş for their contribution to the study. We are also grateful to Seyfi Çelik Özyürek who evaluated this study and in that line improved the manuscript significantly.
Ethics
Ethics Committee Approval: The study was approved by the İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine Ethical Committee (ethics committee approval no: thesis file number 2010/1056- 356, number: 373).
Informed Consent: Consent form was filled out by all participants.
Peer-review: Externally and internally peer-reviewed.
Authorship Contributions
Surgical and Medical Practices: Ş.E.Ç., Y.T., Concept: N.C., Design: N.C., Data Collection or Processing: Ş.E.Ç., Z.A.D., Y.T., Analysis or Interpretation: N.C., A.K., Literature Search: Ş.E.Ç., G.K., Z.A.D., Writing: G.K.
Conflict of Interest: No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study received no financial support.